What is an IQ?
The letters “IQ” stand for Intelligence Quotient which is a number used to describe a person’s intellectual or cognitive ability. This number is obtained from an IQ test which should examine a variety of reasoning abilities such as solving verbal and nonverbal problems, the speed with which the brain makes routine decisions, and certain types of memory abilities. While there are some IQ tests that use only one type of cognitive skill (such as nonverbal problem solving) to determine an IQ score, these tests tend to be less accurate. It is preferable to use a test that assesses more than one aspect of cognitive ability.
A range of classifications is used to describe the individual’s ability level. Most individuals fall into the average range with respect to their intellectual ability level. Historically, the average range included half of the entire population whose IQ scores fell between 90 and 110. More recently (and for reasons that can be discussed in another article), the average range has been more broadly defined as including roughly two-thirds of the population, with IQ scores ranging from 85 to 115. This means that someone with an IQ of 85 could be described as average as could an individual with an IQ score of 115.
Why is it important?
The IQ number serves as a reference point for educators and clinicians so they might better understand a person’s needs and/or capabilities. For example, decisions can be made about placing a child in an enrichment program or placing a child in a special needs program. Decisions affecting adults can also be made such as whether an individual can handle the cognitive demands of college, graduate school, or certain types of employment. An IQ score can also assist clinicians in knowing whether a person might require the support of others to live and work independently.
While occasionally decisions such as those described above are made based solely on an IQ score, more often than not these types of decisions are made based on additional factors such as achievement, motivation, family history, family support, etc.
How do I know what my child’s IQ is?
There are a number of tests that can be used to identify an individual’s level of intelligence (IQ). While some IQ tests can be administered in a group setting, the majority are individually administered, usually by a psychologist and occasionally by a clinician specifically trained in the administration of a particular test.
IQ tests that are individually administered are the most accurate. Most individually administered IQ tests take between sixty and ninety minutes to administer. The clinician then scores the test and should provide written and/or verbal results.
Are IQ tests ever inaccurate?
The overwhelming majority of test administrations are considered reliable and valid. However, IQ tests can be inaccurate. This is especially so when they are administered in a group setting or when given as a single test, or when administered to very young children as described above. IQ tests administered in group settings tend to be brief and also tend to examine only one type of reasoning skill (nonverbal).
Additionally, if an individual has stronger verbal reasoning skills than nonverbal reasoning skills, the test results may not accurately reflect those abilities.
IQ tests results can also be inaccurate when there are other influences at work. An individual might not be feeling well on testing day. The child may not be motivated to put forth his/her best effort. Test taking anxiety might interfere with test results. Perhaps the individual was not adequately prepared for testing by having a good night of rest and a meal prior to testing.
IQ scores may be negatively affected when an individual has not been exposed to positive educational opportunities or cultural experiences. An IQ test by its very nature must make inquiries into the child’s knowledge base. If the child has not been exposed to age appropriate concepts and experiences, it may be reflected in their performance on an IQ test. Neuropsychological functions such as poor retention of information, inability to remain focused, and language or communication disorders may also negatively impact an individual’s performance on an IQ test. To achieve the most accurate IQ test results it is preferable to administer a battery of tests that may include an achievement test, a language measure, a learning and memory test, or an attention test. The clinician will look for consistency in assessment results. The most confidence in an IQ score occurs when other test results reflect similar abilities.
Can an IQ ever be changed? Are there ways my child can improve cognition?
The younger the child is when tested, the more likely IQ scores are to show some variation. These changes can be attributed to interests, education, normal development, and more. After adolescence, IQ scores tend to remain fairly stable throughout the lifespan; however, this does not mean it is impossible to improve cognition. Research on brain development, and in particular, neuroplasticity, reveals the brain is actually able to make physiological changes in response to exposure, practice, and new challenges. Interestingly, the most recent research on neuroplasticity suggests there is no age limit for cognitive improvement, meaning even older adults can benefit cognitive rehabilitation or training.
An IQ score most properly used, enables the individual, parents, educators, and clinician to develop realistic expectations for a child. It can be used to describe an individual’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses. It can be used to tailor an educational environment that will provide the best support for the child. The IQ score is the beginning point of knowing how to best meet a child’s needs.
Terrie L. Naramor, PhD, Neuropsychologist, Acorn to Oak
Dr. Naramor has an extensive history with pediatric services. She began her career as an elementary school teacher before transitioning into the fields of school counseling and pediatric neuropsychology.
